Whether you are an experienced DIY builder, or brand new to the fabrication party, there is often a quandary in choosing beam shapes. Well, I need to do this, but I only have material like that. I will just use it because I have it. These kinds of decisions happen all the time in my shop. How about in your workshop?
Actually, that is a great idea! — Please take a minute and share in the comments. — Please tell us about a silly thing you have built from an obviously wrong piece of material. We would love to hear.
OK, back to discussing beam shapes.
The Importance of Beam Shapes
Selecting the right beam shapes (aka section or profile or beam type) is rather important for each purpose. Each and every beam shape has different characteristics, and probably a bunch of different sizes. There are many different standard beam types, and really, an unlimited number when we include the +1, fabricated beams. To start, we will look at some beam shapes that are common for DIY projects.
This chart has some standard beam profiles with a ranking for each property in the first column. For your convenience, think of the table in these terms:
– We use Stars for general ratings. More Stars mean Stronger, Easier, or More Robust.
– The Stars are comparative, so 1 star does not mean it is bad. We must look at the whole picture.
– Fewer stars means it is not as good for that property in comparison to others.
– Hover Your Mouse over the stars (and “Profiles”) for information about categories and ratings.
| Beam Profile >>>>
Functional Property |
Rectangle Tube *  |
Round Tube  |
C-Channel Section  |
L-Angle Section  |
I-Beam Section  |
Solid Section  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vertical Strength Per Weight (Bending) |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
|
| Horizontal Strength Per Weight (Bending) |
|
|
|
|
|
 |
| Torsional Strength Per Weight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Open / Closed Section |
Closed. Convex |
Closed. Convex |
Open. Concave |
Open. Concave |
Open. Double Concave |
Open. Convex |
| Ease of Work (Cutting Angles, Holding, Fixture setup.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ease of Protecting (From Corrosion) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy Bolting (Angles / Squish?) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Again, Hover over the Stars to read our thoughts for ranking them. * Rectangular Tube discussion includes Square Tube.
About The Stars Table
The ratings for each beam shape (or beam profile) are based on personal experience. I accept a variation of a star or so in any of the columns since it is pretty hard to define. Some differences exist when thinking about a vertical beam versus a horizontal beam. Some items like corrosion (rust) are not as applicable when the conversation turns from steel to aluminum. I also recognize that there are many other beam shapes that can be fabricated. Impossible to put every option on the list.
Next, we will look in more detail for some of the beam profiles as they apply for DIY projects.
Each Beam Profile Is Really Good At Something
Rectangular Tube / Square Tube
These are probably the most common material for fabricating with DIY projects. It does well, for instance, in smaller trailer frames. Which stands to reason because it does well at most everything and especially because it is easy to work with. Also, it is easy to get in a ton of different sizes and thicknesses. These beam shapes are strongest in the height direction, but certainly not weak in the width direction. Tubes also handle torque well. Painting on the convex shape is easy and you do not have to worry about spacing to inside flanges.
Disadvantages: There are 2 potential downsides for Rectangle and Square Tube . . . . 1) It is very difficult to paint on the inside, so you must seal it to protect from corrosion. That is usually easy unless you plan to run wires or other things through the very nice and protected central passageway. 2) Depending on the wall thickness, if you place bolts through tube then tighten them, you can squish the tube. The bolts are also longerish. Note that placing holes in the tube goes right back to #1, sealing. Also, holes in tube at the wrong places (typically top and bottom for a trailer) will weaken the beam.
Applications: DIY project plans here at Mechanical Elements use a lot of Rectangle and Square beam shapes.
Round Tube
. . . is much like rectangular or square tube for advantages, and this beam profile is superior for torque per weight. It also has the nice advantage of being great to tie to.
Disadvantages: Again, round tube has the same disadvantages as rectangle and square tube above, yet with the distinct additional one of being harder to align and center holes parallel simply because it does not have a flat side to reference. (That does not mean it is impossible, it just requires a little more effort, and maybe a few tricks.) Also, round tube is harder to fabricate because you must shape the ends to Tee or Y into other round tubes.
Applications: Round beam profiles are in many DIY projects, especially for connection and spacers. They also appear for things to hold (with a hand) or tie-on. Round beam shapes are very common for roll cages, and in other areas where humans interact, or where style is important.
C-Channel
. . . is a really popular beam profile for auxiliary beams. Though we also see it for main beams, it is a lot more common for cross members and other places. In the vertical direction (as oriented for the beam profile chart image above), C-Channel is typically stronger for the weight than tube. That makes it attractive, but it does not come in as many different sizes, thicknesses or varieties. Finally, the open section means you can easily finish it all over.
Disadvantages: C-Channel is bias to one side, so under high stress it can twist some, or bend sideways. C-Channel is not the best for long unsupported spans, but it is awesome for cross members and other duties. It does well for main beams if cross members tie in so it is not a long unsupported span. While it finishes all over to avoid corrosion, the concave section sometimes makes it harder to smooth out and finish the interior surfaces. Finally, when bolting to the flanges, the angled portion makes tightening a little harder. (Angled washers are available to help that.)
Applications: A lot of the Mechanical Elements trailer plans use C-Channel – especially for the front and back frame members. It is also in the Crane Plans for the pedestal foot cross beam. C-Channel is an excellent gusset for strengthening and stiffening a trailer frame.
L-Angle
. . . Also called “Angle Iron” but most of the time it is steel or aluminum not “iron” like the name implies. This is the “do all” beam profile for a ton of different jobs. Like C-Channel it is not so good for long unsupported spans, but it is great for things like cross members and rails because it is easy to bolt to and easy to join (weld or both) with other members. It is also easy to protect from the elements (no hollow interior).
Perhaps most important, Angle is often joined with other materials for a particular job – like this. Angle comes in dozens of sizes and configurations (equal length legs or different length legs).
Disadvantages: When using Angle for auxiliary beams, it does many jobs really well. It is not the strongest section in any direction, so use it for braces, and where you need to attach things.
Applications: Too many options to list. Angle is in most of our metal fabricating plans in one way or another. It is one of the most versatile beam shapes partly because it comes in so many different sizes.
I-Beam Shapes
. . . is the quintessential beam profile. The design is super strong in the vertical direction, yet has a uniform and equal response to other forces. It has the best strength to weight ratio (vertical) making it a great DIY beam profile – for Cranes, and for the main beams of big and/or long trailers. Also, the open section makes it fairly easy to protect.
There are many variations of the classic I-Beam. Alternate beam shapes include W sections and H sections like in the image below. Others also exist – especially when you look at shapes for aluminum and other materials. (Read the full article about I-Beam Choices.)
Disadvantages: The classic I-Beam shapes have angled flanges which do cause some issues when bolting. (Not the case with non-classic beam profiles.) Also, there are not a lot of sizes (in comparison to rectangular tube). Finally, I-Beams do not handle torque very well.
Applications: As in the advantages above, I-Beams do well for longer beams with a higher load. Things like Crane top beams and things like long trailers with stiffness and/or strength concerns. H-Beams are frequent for vertical columns.
Solid Sections
. . . are represented above by flat stock, but this category covers all of the variations of height and thickness. Solid sections include things like sheetmetal up to thick, square bar stock, so it is hard to categorize. Solid beam shapes are easy to bolt to and are easy to use for short connective pieces like gussets.
Flat and perpendicular sides of solid sections beam shapes make drilling easy too – (at least in one direction). This beam profile is very versatile especially when we add in all the ways it can be cut and bent to customize our beam shapes. It is easy to bend to make it fit whatever the need.
Disadvantages: These materials are usually quite strong in one direction, but (depending on thickness) flimsy in the other. They do not handle long unsupported spans well.
Applications: Frequently used as gussets and connectors, and for overlapping strengthening pieces. Also for shims or thickness stacks. Flat, solid sections are often bent to provide additional function or places for bolting. Here is an example of how to bend metal in a reasonably accurate way.
Fabricated Beam Shapes
There are an infinite number of different ways to fabricate a beam. The sky is truly the limit. While many DIY projects like trailers use standard beam shapes, sometimes a fabricated beam satisfies a special need. Mostly, fabricated beams are made from standard shapes, but when complete, they are their own animal.
Sometimes we fabricate beams to address space concerns, or special strength or stiffness concerns. However, the biggest need is to achieve strength and stiffness with a lower overall weight. Here is an example of a simple truss.
For more info, read the article about truss trailers, then, if you need plans, we have truss trailer plans. A truss can certainly make a long trailer much lighter.
Trusses are not the only fabricated beam shapes. By joining any of the other beam shapes together, they become a custom beam, and the orientations can optimize their usefulness. Just use your imagination.
Disadvantages: The big disadvantage with fabricated beams is the time and effort to set them up and fabricate them. Often they require a lot of cutting and welding and measuring. Sometimes special jigs or fixtures to keep them straight in the process. However, if they make what you are trying to achieve, then the amount of work is less of an issue.
Applications: All sorts of special reasons. The sky is certainly the limit.
Note: Fabricated beam shapes are exactly what you get when adding material to strengthen a trailer frame. Or, when welding in added sections to lengthen a frame.
Choosing The Best Beam Shapes Profile
Beams come in all the different types because we need them for many reasons. In the table above we mentioned several characteristics that are common to certain beam shapes in the context of DIY projects, and especially trailers. In other words, different areas of a project need different things, so we select a beam profile for those needs.
Think about why each beam is there. Does it have bending loads? Or Torsional loads? Or loads parallel to the axis? What about ease of construction via welding or bolting or both? Does finish or not matter for it? Are there pieces that require a bent shape? (Not many of the shapes above will form well even in a press.)
The above applies generally to most DIY projects that use Steel or Aluminum for structural integrity. Certainly Cranes, Presses, and other tools fit this as well. Next up is applying the above information to specific areas of a trailer frame.
Let us know if this information helps as you plan your next DIY project.
Comments